Table 2 Bioactivities of phenolic acids and flavonoids in different cereal and millet grains
From: Efficacy of germination and probiotic fermentation on underutilized cereal and millet grains
| Grains | Phenolic compound | Bioactivities | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acids | |||
|
Cereals Barley, sorghum, wheat, rice, oats, maize, Millets Finger, pearl and foxtail millet | Ferulic acid |
Anti-carcinogenic Prevents and controls type 2 diabetes Suppressing hypertension |
Fahrioğlu et al. (2016) Narasimhan et al. (2015) Hou et al. (2004) Kaur et al. (2014) |
|
Cereals Sorghum, rice Millets Finger millet | Gallic acid |
Anti-cancer Antimicrobial |
Yeh et al. (2011) Kang et al. (2008) Kaur et al. (2014) |
|
Cereals Barley, maize, oats, rice, sorghum Millets Finger, pearl and foxtail millet | p-coumaric acid | Anti-cancer |
Janicke et al. (2011) Kaur et al. (2014) Dykes and Rooney (2007) |
|
Cereals Maize, oats, rice, sorghum, wheat Millets Finger, pearl and foxtail millet | Chlorogenic and caffeic acids | Anti-carcinogenic and anti-mutagenic |
Mennen et al. (2005) Kaur et al. (2014) Dykes and Rooney (2007) |
|
Cereals Maize, oats, rice, sorghum, wheat, barley Millets Finger and pearl millet | Vanillic acid |
Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant |
Calixto-Campos et al. (2015) Dykes and Rooney (2007) |
| Flavonoids | |||
|
Cereals Oats, sorghum Millets Finger millet | Apigenin |
Anti-inflammatory Anti-cancer |
Ju et al. (2015) Watanabe et al. (2007) Dykes and Rooney (2007) |
|
Cereals Maize, oats | Kaempferol |
Anti-inflammatory Anti-cancer |
Calderon-Montano et al. (2011) Devi et al. (2015) Kaur et al. (2014) |
|
Cereals Barley and sorghum | Catechin | Preventing Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases |
Dai et al. (2006) Kaur et al. (2014) Shahidi and Yeo (2018) |
|
Cereals Oats, wheat Millets Barnyard millet | Tricin |
Anti-obesity Anti-inflammatory |
Lee and Imm (2017, 2018) Dykes and Rooney (2007) |
|
Cereals Oats, sorghum Millets Foxtail and Barnyard millet | Luteolin |
Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory |
Pradeep and Sreerama (2018) Dykes and Rooney (2007) |