Table 4 Bioactive peptides derived from milk products of minor dairy species
| Product | Peptide | Function | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheese | ||||
| Sheep milk cheese-like system | Val-Pro-Lys-Val-Lys | ACE-inhibitory Antioxidant activity |
93.75 ± 0.06 IC50 μg/mL 0.079 ± 0.15 IC50 μg/mL | (Silva et al. 2006) |
| Tyr-Gln-Glu-Pro | ACE-inhibitory Antioxidant activity |
169.86 ± 0.10 IC50 μg/mL 0.102 ± 0.10 IC50 μg/mL | ||
| Goat milk cheese-like system | Tyr-Gln-Glu-Pro | ACE-inhibitory Antioxidant activity |
689.40 ± 0.18 I IC50 μg/mL 0.072 ± 0.06 I IC50 μg/mL | |
| Arg-Pro-Lys-His-Pro-Ile-Lys-His-* | ACE-inhibitory | 892.83 ± 0.11 IC50 μg/mL | ||
| Sheep Milk cheese | ||||
| Feta |
Identified in Roquefort type cheese KEMPFPKYPVE β-CN, f(122–132) | ACE inhibitory expressed as ABTS (%) scavenging rate | 32.71 ± 1.8 IC50 μg/mL | (Meira et al. 2012) |
| Pecorino Toscano |
WMHQPPQPLPPTVMFPPQSVL β-CN f(158–178) | 67.21 ± 0.1 IC50 μg/mL | ||
| Roquefort |
MHQPPQPLPPTVMFPPQSVL β-CN f(159–178) | 87.46 ± 0.2 IC50 μg/mL | ||
| Pecorino Sardo | HQPPQPLPPTVMFPPQSVL β-CN f(160–178) | 67.71 ± 3.2 IC50 μg/mL | ||
| Cerrillano |
YQEPVLGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(206–220) QEPVLGPVRGPFPILV β-CN f(207–222) QEPVLGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(207–220) PVLGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(209–220) LGPVRGPFPI β-CN f(211–220) TDAPSFSDIPNPIGSENSGK αS1-CN f(189–208) DIPNPIGSENSGKTTMPLW αS1-CN f(196–214) IPNPIGSENSGKIT αS1-CN f(197–210) NAGPFTPTVNR αS2-CN f(131–141) YQGPIVLNPWDQVKR αS2-CN f(116–130) YQGPIVLNPWDQVK αS2-CN f(116–129) GPIVLNPWDQVKR αS2-CN f(118–130) VLNPWDQVKR αS2-CN f(121–130) | 74.96 ± 1.6 IC50 μg/mL | ||
| White brined goat milk cheese | ND | ACE inhibitory activity | 62.55% | (Kocak et al. 2020) |
| Fresh goat milk cheese | ND | Antioxidant and ACE inhibitory | ND | (Hernández-Galán et al. 2017) |
| Goat milk Tulum cheese | ND |
Antioxidant, Mineral binding and antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 | ND | (Öztürk and Akin 2018) |
| Cabrales cheese (Cow + sheep + Goat milk) |
DKIHP (β-CN f(47–51)) DKIHPF (β-CN f(47–52)) | ACE inhibitory |
113.1 μM 2419.4 μM | (Gómez-Ruiz et al. 2006) |
| Idiazabal cheese (Sheep milk) | ||||
| Manchego cheese (Sheep milk) | ||||
| White brined goat cheese | RPKHPIKHQGLPQEVLNENL.L (α-s1 f(1–20)) | Immunopeptide | ND | (Atanasova et al. 2020) |
| Sheep milk cheese | L.KKISQ.R (α-s2 f(165–169)) | Antibacterial | ND | |
| Yoghurt | ||||
| Yoghurt | ||||
| Goat milk | ND | DPPH scavenging activity | 39.0 ± 1.0% | (Sultan et al. 2017) |
| ND | 38.0 ± 1.0% | |||
| Sheep milk | ND | Antioxidant activity | 40.3 ± 1.1% | |
| ND | 40.0 ± 1.4% | |||
| Fermented camel milk yoghurt | ND |
ACE inhibitory Antimicrobial activity |
113–200 70–133 | (Alhaj et al. 2018) |
| Fermented camel milk (Chal) | ND |
DPPH activity ABTS activity |
57.90 ± 4.59 μM 1484.35 μM | (Soleymanzadeh et al. 2016) |
| Camel milk heated at 80 °C/30 min prior to fermentation | ND |
Reducing power (%) DPPH (% inhibition) |
16.93% 22.70% | (Abd Elhamid and Mervet 2017 |
| Fermented camel milk | Total 32 peptides | Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli | 20.0 and 16.0%, respectively | (Algboory and Muhialdin 2018) |
| Goat milk yoghurt | AHTPDB | Anti-hypertensive | ND | (Parmar et al. 2020) |
| Goat milk yoghurt | Casein fractions | Antioxidant activity against TCDD (dioxin) | ND | (Haskito et al. 2020) |
| Donkey milk fermented with Enterococcus faecium DM33 | ND |
Antioxidant Antimicrobial against L. monocytogenes 1078 | 350 ± 0.01 | (Aspri et al. 2018) |
| Fermented mare milk | ND | ACE inhibitory | 70.9–74.5% | (Wang et al. 2015) |
| Sheep milk yoghurt | PVVVPPFLQ (β-CN f(96–104)) | Antihypertensive | ND | (Dalziel et al. 2018) |
| Greek sheep milk yoghurt | YPVEPFTE (β-CN f(114–121)) | ACE inhibitory and Opiate like activity | ND | (Papadimitriou et al. 2007) |
| Kefir and Koumiss | ||||
| Goat milk Kefir | ND | ACE inhibitory | 75% | (Shi et al. 2018) |
| Goat milk Kefir | ND | Antioxidant activity | ND | (Satir and Guzel-Seydim 2015) |
| Goat milk Kefir | AASDISLLDAQSAPLR (β-lg f(43–58)) | Anti-bacterial | ND | (Izquierdo-González et al. 2019) |
| INNQFLPYPY (κ-CN f(42–51)) |
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor | ND | ||
| TAQVTSTEV (κ-CN f(154–162)) | Anti-thrombotic | ND | ||